<script>on mouseUpvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 3visual effect dissolve slowgo to stack "Database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>5</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>403</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>452</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1020</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>Help</name>
<script>on mouseUppush cardvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 5visual effect dissolve slowgo to card "help" of stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>6</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>348</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>397</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>130</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>go to flow chart</name>
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect checkerboard slowgo to card id 12925 of stack "database-1"wait 10visual effect checkerboard slowgo to card "flow chart" in stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
<text>Ask for assistance if you want a printout of the graphic. To hide the graphic, just click on the mouse.</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>3</id>
<text>One Billion gallons of water is equal to a column whose base is equal to that of a football field and whose height is more than 4 times that of the Washington Monument.</text>
</content>
<name>infactsintro</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_10005.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect checkerboard slowgo to card id 12925 of stack "database-1"wait 10visual effect checkerboard slowgo to card "flow chart" in stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>8</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>403</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>452</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1020</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>Help</name>
<script>on mouseUppush cardvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 5visual effect dissolve slowgo to card "help" of stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>9</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>458</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>507</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>20098</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>New Button</name>
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 3visual effect dissolve slowgo to stack "Database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>1</id>
<text>Nearly 70% of the earth's surface is covered by water. Water is one of life's most precious resources. About 70% of The human body is water. Our bodies need more than two quarts of water daily to digest our food, cool our system, lubricate our joints, soften tissue, cleanse our eyes, and remove our body's wastes. And, while you could survive for weeks without food, you would die after only a few days without water. Water is vital to our life and the way we live. clean water is essential for public health, sanitation, energy, industrial growth, agricultural production and recreation. The United States uses about 400 billion gallons of water each day, or about 1,650 gallons for each person each day. People are not the only water users. A cow, for example, must drink 3 gallons of water to produce 1 gallon of milk and an ear of corn needs about 26 gallons of water to grow. Amazingly, it takes 1,400 gallons of water to produce one fast food meal of a hamburger, french fries, and a soft drink! Water has many uses. The most important is for our drinking water supply. More than half of the American population gets its water from underground sources or aquifers. The rest use water from streams, lakes, rivers, and reservoirs. Your neighborhood also depends on water to transport wastes, supports jobs, and produce electrical energy. And, many of us use water for sport and recreational activities. Industry, too, depends on clean water. Annually it uses over 100 cubic miles of water to cool, wash, circulate, and manufacture its materials. One cubic mile is over a trillion gallons. It takes 39,000 gallons of water to make an automobile (including the tires) and another 70 gallons of water to make just 1 gallon of gasoline. We use our country's lakes, rivers, and coastal waters to transport these products on barges and ships. It's easy to see that clean water is not a luxuryΓÇöit's an absolute necessity! Because we use the same water over and over, its quality, or how clean it is, is extremely important. each time we use water we change its quality. By adding sewage, toxic substances, chemicals, sediment, oil and grease, debris, or waste heat, we change the chemical, biological, and physical characteristics of water. These changes cause pollution. Polluted water can spread disease and destroy aquatic plants and animals. Pollution can make lakes and rivers unfit for drinking, fishing, boating or swimming. Have you ever seen a "NO SWIMMING" sign posted at your favorite beach or a "NO FISHING" sign at a local lake? If you have, then you know the results of water pollution. In the 1960's reports of fish disappearing from rivers and streams were common. Lakes were choked with algae. Warning signs cautioned against fishing or swimming. Toxic and other hazardous wastes gave the waters of our cities an eerie sheen. By the early 1960's we began to realize the dangers of pollution. People began to demand that the government do something to protect our environment. Americans recognized the need to clean up and protect our most abundant and fragile natural resourceΓÇöwater. Responding to the people, Congress passed the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (Public Law 92-500), known as the Clean Water Act. Its message was simpleΓÇöthere shall be no unlawful discharge of pollution to U.S. waters! The goals of the law were also direct...water shall be clean enough for swimming, fishing, and other recreational uses. Congress also called for clean water goals to preserve natural habitat and sensitive ecosystems to protect fish and other aquatic wildlife. The Clean Water Act created new responsibilities and authorities for State and Local governments, and was one of the first programs assigned to the newly created Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). America's Clean Water Act. Brochure published by America's Clean Water Foundation. Hall of the States. 444 N. Capitol Street NW. Suite 330. Washington, DC 20001.</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>2</id>
<text>zzzz</text>
</content>
<name>facts2</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_4914.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect checkerboard slowgo to card id 12925 of stack "database-1"wait 10visual effect checkerboard slowgo to card "flow chart" in stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>8</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>403</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>452</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1020</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>Help</name>
<script>on mouseUppush cardvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 5visual effect dissolve slowgo to card "help" of stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>9</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>458</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>507</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>20098</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>New Button</name>
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 3visual effect dissolve slowgo to stack "Database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>1</id>
<text>I was pleased to see the following note on the inside page of a SYBEX book I bought recently (_Mastering VENTURA for WINDOWS_ by Rick Altman). "SYBEX is committed to using natural resources wisely to preserve and improve our environment. As a leader in the computer book publishing industry, we are aware that over 40% of America's solid waste is paper. This is why we have been printing the text of books like this one on recycled paper since 1982. This year our use of recycled paper will result in the saving of more than 15,300 trees. We will lower air pollution effulents by 54,000 pounds, save 6,300,000 gallons of water, and reduce landfill by 2,700 cubic yards. In choosing a SYBEX book you are not only making a choice for the best in skills and information, you are also choosing to enhance the quality of life for all of us." Bravo!Claudia Lynch Documentation Services Manager Academic Computing ServicesUniversity of North Texas Computing Center UNT Box 13495 Denton, Texas 76203 Voice: 817-565-2324 FAX: 817-565-4060Sender: List Owner <davep@acsu.buffalo.edu> (Biosph-l@UBVM)From: Claudia Lynch <AS04@UNTVM1.BITNET></text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_8239.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect checkerboard slowgo to card id 12925 of stack "database-1"wait 10visual effect checkerboard slowgo to card "flow chart" in stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>7</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>403</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>452</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1020</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>Help</name>
<script>on mouseUppush cardvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 5visual effect dissolve slowgo to card "help" of stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>8</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>458</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>507</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>20098</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>New Button</name>
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 3visual effect dissolve slowgo to stack "Database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>9</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>128</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>177</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1004</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>New Button</name>
<script>on mouseUpprintfield ("card field 1")end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>1</id>
<text>Water is the most common substance on Earth. Every living thing (organism) on Earth is mostly water. An elephant is 70 percent water, and a tomato is 90 percent water. The quantity of water on earth is static - 326 million cubic miles. One cubic mile contains 1,000,000,000,000 (one million) gallons of water. Ninety-seven percent of all water is in oceans. The remaining three percent is freshwater. Two of that three percent is held in ice caps or glaciers; .5 percent is groundwater; .02 percent is in lakes and rivers; and .001 percent is in the atmosphere. The eastern area of North America is the largest area on Earth that typically "always has enough rain." Scientists predict, however, that human-caused atmospheric pollution will cause this area to become hotter and more arid. Eighty-five percent of the water in the atmosphere (vapor) comes from evaporation off the oceans. Plant transpiration also adds a great deal of water to the air. Most trees give off about 70 gallons of water per day.Fact Sheet. Soil and Water Facts. United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service.</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>2</id>
<text>zzzz</text>
</content>
<name>interesting facts-1</name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_11309.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect checkerboard slowgo to card id 12925 of stack "database-1"wait 10visual effect checkerboard slowgo to card "flow chart" in stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>8</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>403</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>452</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1020</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>Help</name>
<script>on mouseUppush cardvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 5visual effect dissolve slowgo to card "help" of stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>9</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>458</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>507</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>20098</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>New Button</name>
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 3visual effect dissolve slowgo to stack "Database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>1</id>
<text> from Time, March 25, 1991 Australia: Rabbits. an estimated 400 million infest the nation, depriving cattle and sheep of grazing by nibbling protective bark and causing soil erosion by denuding the land of vegetation. "It's a major environmental threat says John Burley, a senior adviser to the South Australian Animal and Plant control Commission. Next october the commission expects to release a new myxomatosis-carrying flea. Has worked in southern Spain where conditions are similar to the Outback. p.48 also from Time: Dutch farmers have 112 million pigs,hens,sheep and cows- nearly ten times the human populations. these animals generate 80 million tons of manure too much for the country to absorb. When spread on farmland the manure breaks down into components as phosphates and nitrates which seep into groundwater and ammonia which escapes into the air where it forms acid rain. p.57</text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_7474.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect checkerboard slowgo to card id 12925 of stack "database-1"wait 10visual effect checkerboard slowgo to card "flow chart" in stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>9</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>403</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>452</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1020</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>Help</name>
<script>on mouseUppush cardvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 5visual effect dissolve slowgo to card "help" of stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>10</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>458</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>507</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>20098</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>New Button</name>
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 3visual effect dissolve slowgo to stack "Database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>1</id>
<text>Water is the only substance on Earth that exists naturally in three forms: solid (ice), liquid, and gas (vapor). It moderates the Earth's climate because it absorbs and releases heat slowly. It is called the "universal solvent." It can, given time, dissolve almost anything (except some man-made compounds). Like most liquids, water contracts as it gets cooler until it reaches 39 degrees F. Once it reaches 32 degrees, it expands instead and, because of this, floats. If it did not float, the sun could not melt it and bodies of water would only have a thin layer of water (the rest would be ice) on their surface and, even then, only in the summer. Aquatic life would not exist - no life would. Water weighs 62.4 lbs. per cubic foot. Water has extremely high surface tension. Water absorbs heat better than any other substance except ammonia. It is the only common substance that exists as a liquid at normal temperatures. It freezes at 32 degrees and its boiling point is 212 degrees F. Fact Sheet. Soil and Water Facts. United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service.</text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>2</id>
<text>zzzz</text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_7725.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect checkerboard slowgo to card id 12925 of stack "database-1"wait 10visual effect checkerboard slowgo to card "flow chart" in stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>3</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>403</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>452</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1020</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>Help</name>
<script>on mouseUppush cardvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 5visual effect dissolve slowgo to card "help" of stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>4</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>458</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>507</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>20098</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>New Button</name>
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 3visual effect dissolve slowgo to stack "Database-1"end mouseUp</script>
<text>Newsgroups: sci.environmentSubject: Substantiation of Florida HazeMessage-ID: <1466600089@cdp>From: cgilbert@cdp.UUCPDate: 13 Aug 91 20:21:00 GMTNf-ID: #N:cdp:1466600089:000:2011Nf-From: cdp.UUCP!cgilbert Aug 13 13:21:00 1991Lines: 43Gilbert scores another first, unfortunately. I'd rather be wrongin these matters. The following is from another conference.--------------------------------------------------------------Topic 34 climatic changes due to pollution Response 9 of 9blombardisci.geo.meteorology 4:43 am Aug 13, 1991(at x102c.harris-atd.com) (From News system)This doesn't relate to climate change quite so much.....Here in Central Florida we've had a persistent high level haze in the atmosphere all summer. It is most visible when it is side-lit at sunrise and sunset, but can be detected all day and all night if you look for it. The afternoon thunderstorms seem to not do anything at all to it, which makes me think it is over 50,000 feet up. (We get a couple of storms with tops higher than that every week.) I don't think I've ever seen a haze this bad or this long-lasting.Our summer has been wetter than usual, also.Could this be the result of Mt. Pinatubo, or of the Kuwaiti oil fires? Or both?Bob Lombardi WB4EHS >>>>>>> Internet: blombardi@x102c.ess.harris.comM/S 100-4823, Harris Corp GASD, P.O. Box 94000, Melbourne, FL 32902 The trick to life is the same one as in woodworking, painting, or anyother form of craftsmanship: recovering gracefully from a screwup.--Me----------------------------------------------------------------------Bob,I am glad you asked. I have been reporting that phenomenon for months. I am glad that someone else can see it. It preceded the volcanic eruptions. In March, there were streaks of smoke overhead, visible between cumulus clouds. In april, we started getting "white skies" at sunset. I have been watching the sunrises and sunsets for months. They are usually obscured by unusual clouding. This morning, however, I could see the sun rise over the horizon with my bare eyes unshielded. There was that much haze. I'm in Deerfield. Have you read any of my stuff on the Florida skies? I'm really grateful to have a compatriot!Claire</text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_6650.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect checkerboard slowgo to card id 12925 of stack "database-1"wait 10visual effect checkerboard slowgo to card "flow chart" in stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>8</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>403</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>452</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1020</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>Help</name>
<script>on mouseUppush cardvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 5visual effect dissolve slowgo to card "help" of stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>9</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>458</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>507</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>20098</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>New Button</name>
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 3visual effect dissolve slowgo to stack "Database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>1</id>
<text>From: ronwill@sierra.sim.es.com (Ron Williams)Newsgroups: talk.environmentSubject: Water usageMessage-ID: <1991Jul30.144604.5422@javelin.sim.es.com>Date: 30 Jul 91 14:46:04 GMTSender: news@javelin.sim.es.comReply-To: ronwill@sierra.sim.es.com (Ron Williams)Organization: Evans & Sutherland Computer Corp., Salt Lake City, UTThe following information comes from an advertisement in the Sunday, July 21, 1991 Salt Lake Tribune. The advertisement was placed by the Central Utah Project (CUP). The CUP is one of those big, incredibly expensive, incredibly wasteful, federally subsidized Western water projects. Just why the CUP needs to advertise (CUP is essentially a monopoly) is beyond me, but here is the information.(1) A five minute shower takes 20 gallons of water.(2) A toilet flush takes 4 to 7 gallons of water.(3) Washing a car takes 100 gallons of water.(4) Hosing down a driveway takes 150 gallons of water.(5) Watering an average size yard takes 180 gallons of water. It really did say a 180 gallons which has to be a misprint. I heard another claim recently (on the radio I think) that it takes 27,000 gallons of water per acre per week to keep a lawn green in Salt Lake's 90+ degree weather of July and August.(6) A dripping faucet (one drop per second) uses 4 gallons of water per day.(7) A normal day's usage of a garbage disposal uses 7 gallons of water per day.(8) Growing a bushel of wheat takes 1157 gallons of water.(9) Growing a pound of potatoes takes 22 gallons of water.(10) Producing two eggs takes 136 gallons of water.(11) A serving of steak takes 2607 gallons of water to produce.(12) A serving of milk takes 65 gallons of water to produce.(13) A ton of paper takes 188,500 gallons of water to produce. I suppose that also includes the growing of the trees.(14) One barrel of petroleum takes 770 gallons of water to produce.(15) A ton of steel takes 25,000 gallons of water to produce.(16) A average family of five uses approximately 326,000 gallons of water per year or enough to fill a football field to a depth of one foot.-- ========================================================Ron Williamsronwill@sierra.sim.es.com</text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_2211.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect checkerboard slowgo to card id 12925 of stack "database-1"wait 10visual effect checkerboard slowgo to card "flow chart" in stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>8</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>403</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>452</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1020</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>Help</name>
<script>on mouseUppush cardvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 5visual effect dissolve slowgo to card "help" of stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>9</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>458</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>507</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>20098</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>New Button</name>
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 3visual effect dissolve slowgo to stack "Database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>1</id>
<text>From: vtessier@vela.acs.oakland.edu (Vince Tessier)Subject: Re: Water usageMessage-ID: <8532@vela.acs.oakland.edu>Date: 31 Jul 91 04:25:20 GMTReferences: <1991Jul30.144604.5422@javelin.sim.es.com>Organization: Oakland University, Rochester MI.Careful. Need to distinguish here between a) water converted to non-useful forms, b) water recycled, and c) water contaminated & becoming unusable/dangerous.A couple (fairly trivial) examples: Of b): much of the water consumed in producing milk is drunk by the cow and later excreted as urine or sweat (do cows sweat?)Of b), again: many industrial processes are increasingly recovering cooling water for re-use. I need to research this a bit, but I would guess that much of the steel-producing water is in closed-loop systems, and even free water (just pour it over what you need to cool) takes off as steam and condenses as distilled water; should be fairly clean even if it does carry contaminants out with it. The contaminants will either settle out if particulate, or diffuse if gaseous, but the *water* isn't contaminated. This isn't to claim that there isn't sludgey, contaminated water left over, but it isn't all destroyed.Another point is that the water required for the previously posted uses need not be potable; the problem being that there aren't distribution systems for non-potable water. For example, you can water the lawn and flush the toilet with your bath water, but few people do.-- Vince Tessier</text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_6010.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect checkerboard slowgo to card id 12925 of stack "database-1"wait 10visual effect checkerboard slowgo to card "flow chart" in stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>8</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>403</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>452</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1020</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>Help</name>
<script>on mouseUppush cardvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 5visual effect dissolve slowgo to card "help" of stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>9</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>458</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>507</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>20098</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>New Button</name>
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 3visual effect dissolve slowgo to stack "Database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>10</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>403</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>452</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1020</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>Help</name>
<script>on mouseUppush cardvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 5visual effect dissolve slowgo to card "help" of stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>1</id>
<text> INTRODUCTION TO WX-TALK AND ASSOCIATED SERVICES 14MAR91 The WX-***** lists reside on the VMD.CSO.UIUC.EDU (UIUCVMD) machine at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois. They were created for persons interested in weather. WX-TALK is intended for discussions and questions. Some past topics have included Doppler radar, public warning issuance, and home satellite reception. In addition to the discussions, a decoded (plain language) version of the severe weather outlook is sent to WX-TALK each week day to help people know when it's a potential severe weather day. Some subscribers, especially those who receive a lot of mail, may choose to subscribe to certain list only when severe weather is expected within a day or two of their location and then signoff after the threat is over. The other lists are designed for receive-only mode. That is, you will receive data and products from these lists but you should not attempt to post mail to them. * Address all replies or questions to WX-TALK *. Below is a description of the lists: --> WX-TALK A general discussion list for weather-related topics, special event notifications, job announcements, and administrative messages. This list was formerly STORM-L. --> WX-SWO Severe weather, mesoscale convective, and public severe weather outlooks. The non-public products are in abbreviated (coded) format. --> WX-WATCH Tornado and Severe thunderstorm Watches and cancellations (long versions). Portions of these products are in abbreviated (coded) format. --> WX-WSTAT Weather Watch prior notification statements and watch status statements. These products are in abbreviated (coded) format. --> WX-TROPL Tropical Storm Outlook, Hurricane Position Estimates, etc. Tropical weather outlooks, hurricane position reports, etc. This list will be most active from June through December. Portions of these products may be in abbreviated (coded) format. --> WX-PCPN Precipitation products including heavy snow and excessive rainfall. Products are in abbreviated (coded) format. --> WX-NATNL Public products of national interest like the Selected Cities Forecast. --> WX-SUM National Weather Summary and National Flood Summary. --> WX-STLT Satellite interpretive messages and orbital data. These messages give descriptions of cloud features and disturbances observed by satellite. Products are issued by geographical region. Products are in abbreviated (coded) format. --> WX-LSR Local Storm Reports issued by local WSOs and WSFOs. More detailed than the SELS log. Issued as needed. --> WX-MISC Miscellaneous products like the SELS log, tornado stats, etc. Several of these products will be in tabular format. ***Note: Abbreviated (coded) products contain word abbreviations and contractions. They can usually be deciphered by looking at sentence context. Airport location identifiers are also used. For example, NYC is New York City, NY and STL is St. Louis, MO. Decoding software is available on the VMD.CSO.UIUC.EDU machine.*------------------------------------*---------------------------- Net Protocol. Although discussion is encouraged on WX-TALK, please be considerate of others on the list and send *personal* messages directly to the intended recipient --not the list. Of course, if you feel your message might be of interest to everyone, go ahead and post it. WX-TALK can be used as a place to announce weather-related job openings, conferences, software, and to call attention to special events appearing on the other lists. Due to network delays and outages some postings (especially long ones) may take several hours (or even days !) to reach everyone. Keep this in mind when posting updates that are highly time-critical. For fastest delivery, it is recommended that you subscribe to the lists using your Internet address (if you have one). Network addresses can be very difficult (if not impossible) to reconstruct from messages sent through the LISTSERVer. Please include your return address on all messages. Here's a sample signature that contains just about every address imaginable: > Chris Novy - WA9V BITNET: axvsccn@uicvmc> Southern Illinois Univ. Internet: axvsccn@uicvmc.aiss.uiuc.edu> Morris Library - Systems Packet: wa9v@wd9ebq FAX: (618) 453-8109> Carbondale, IL 62901-6632 Phone: (618) 453-1683 or (618) 457-6149 Mail is distributed on most of the lists on a daily basis. Due to network problems or MAILER problems it may be necessary at times to remove problem subscribers from the lists without prior notice. If you have not received mail from a particular list in several days you might want to REVIEW the list or ask the list owner for assistance.*------------------------------------*---------------------------- You may subscribe, signoff, review, and change your distribution options for any list by sending the appropriate command via interactive message or by including the command as the ONLY line of a MAIL file to one of the following addresses: LISTSERV@UIUCVMD LISTSERV@UIUCVMD.BITNET LISTSERV@VMD.CSO.UIUC.EDU From UUCP/UUNET if the above addresses fail, try: uiucuxc!vmd!listserv*------------------------------------*---------------------------- To subscribe to a new list, WX-MISC for example, use the SUB command: SUB WX-MISC <your real name goes here> Interactive example from CMS: TELL LISTSERV AT UIUCVMD SUB WX-MISC T.T. Fujita MAIL example: SUB WX-MISC James T. Kirk To cancel your subscription to issue the SIGNOFF command: SIGNOFF WX-MISC To see who is subscribed to a particular list issue the REVIEW command: REVIEW WX-TALK*-----------------------------------*----------------------------- Back issues of WX-TALK are maintained in a weekly log and are availablevia LISTSERV and anonymous FTP transfer. Archive files are stored underthe name LOGYYMMW where "YY" is the year (ie. 89) and "MM" is the month(ie. 03 for March) and "W" is the week --beginning with "A"...then B..C. For a list of archive files via LISTSERV issue the following command: INDEX WX-TALK This command will return something like... * WX-TALK FILELIST for LISTSERV@UIUCVMD.** NOTEBOOK archives for the list* (Weekly notebook)* rec last - change* filename filetype GET PUT -fm lrecl nrecs date time Remarks* -------- -------- --- --- --- ----- ----- -------- -------- -------------- WX-TALK LOG9005C ALL OWN V 79 935 90/05/21 11:55:59 Started on Wed, WX-TALK LOG9005D ALL OWN V 80 731 90/05/25 14:41:55 Started on Tue, WX-TALK LOG9005E ALL OWN V 79 241 90/05/31 11:49:21 Started on Sun, You could then issue a SENDME command to retrieve a log file. Example: SENDME WX-TALK LOG9005C #11 17-APR-1991 20:07:18.16NEWMAIL FTP users can access the archives via ANONYMOUS file transfer byconnecting to VMD.CSO.UIUC.EDU (128.174.5.98). After connecting, changeto the LISTSERV sub-directory where the archive files are kept byissuing the following command: CD LISTSERV.193 To see what archive files are available issue a LIST command like: LIST WX-TALK ... or perhaps LIST WX-SWO ... or maybe LIST WX-MISC Please make certain you include a list name after the LIST command. To retrieve an archive file like the one in the LISTSERV example, enter: GET WX-TALK.LOG9005E your.file where "your.file" is whatever name you want to call your local copy. Retrieving Satellite Pictures FTP users can access the weather-related software and archived (GIF format) satellite pictures by connecting to VMD.CSO.UIUC.EDU (128.174.5.98) and changing to the PHIL.515 sub-directory. At present, western and eastern sector visible pictures are updated and made available at about 50 minutes after each hour during the hours of 1550Z through 0150Z. This translates to 0950 CST through 1950 CST. Pictures will have filenames like: WV100918.GIF and EV100918.GIF where - WV means western visible EV means eastern visible 10 is the 10th month (October) 09 is the 9th day of the month 18 is 1850 hours GMT (approximate time of picture) The pictures do not have state outlines so you need to use geographic features like the Great Lakes or Baja Peninsula to orient yourself. These satellite pictures are also available in LIST3820 laser printer format at UA1VM.UA.EDU (129.66.8.100) in the DARREN.515 sub-directory. They will only be stored by request since there are so many pictures and disk space is limited. Please send mail to DARREN@UA1VM or DARREN@UA1VM.UA.EDU if you would like a particular picture placed in DARREN.515 in LIST3820 format. Thanks to Darren Evans-Young. Other pictures from orbiting satellites are available via ANONYMOUS FTP from URIACC.URI.EDU in the fna101.195 sub-directory thanks to Dave E. Tetreault <FNA101@URIACC>. The satellite files must be retrieved using BINARY or IMAGE mode. An example for requesting an east coast 1700Z picture on 01/11/91 follows: FTP VMD.CSO.UIUC.EDU ANONYMOUS CD PHIL.515 BINARY GET EV011117.GIF QUIT More examples are included at the end of this file. *-----------------------------------*----------------------------- BITNET users who do not have FTP access may still FTP-request files by using the BITFTP service machine at PUCC. You can MAIL a file containing a complete FTP transaction script to BITFTP@PUCC. BITFTP will then perform the FTP transfer and return the file(s) and/or directory listings requested to you via BITNET. For more information on how to conduct a transaction, send a HELP command to BITFTP@PUCC.BITNET as the first line in a MAIL file or as an interactive message. Note: Although the VMD and UA1VM FTP machines do not request/require a password, you must include a bogus password in your BITFTP transaction file. In the examples below "WX-TALK" is used as the password. *-----------------------------------*----------------------------- Here's a couple sample transactions. The first gets a directory listing and the second retrieves a file. FTP VMD.CSO.UIUC.EDU FTP VMD.CSO.UIUC.EDU USER ANONYMOUS WX-TALK USER ANONYMOUS WX-TALK CD PHIL.515 CD PHIL.515 TYPE A TYPE I DIR *.* GET EV011117.GIF EV011117.GIF *-----------------------------------*----------------------------- Any questions or problems regarding satellite picture retrieval should be directed to: Chris Novy <AXVSCCN@UICVMC> or Darren Evans-Young <DARREN@UA1VM.UA.EDU> *-----------------------------------*-----------------------------Contributions to WX-TALK are always welcome and should be sent in MAILformat to one of the following addresses. WX-TALK@UIUCVMD WX-TALK@UIUCVMD WX-TALK@UIUCVMD.BITNET WX-TALK@UIUCVMD.BITNET WX-TALK@VMD.CSO.UIUC.EDU WX-TALK@VMD.CSO.UIUC.EDU WX-TALK%VMD@UIUCUXC.UUCP WX-TALK%VMD@UIUCUXC.UUCP uiucuxc!vmd!wx-talk uiucuxc!vmd!wx-talk*-----------------------------------*----------------------------- If you have any questions or comments please send them to me at one of theaddresses below. Thank you for your interest in the WX lists.*------------------------------------*----------------------------Chris Novy - WA9V BITNET: axvsccn@uicvmcSouthern Illinois Univ. Internet: axvsccn@uicvmc.aiss.uiuc.eduMorris Library - Systems Packet: wa9v@wd9ebq FAX: (618) 453-8109Carbondale, IL 62901-6632 Phone: (618) 453-1683 or (618) 457-6149 ICBM: 37.43N 89.12W </text>
</content>
<content>
<layer>background</layer>
<id>2</id>
<text>zzzzz</text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_9204.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect checkerboard slowgo to card id 12925 of stack "database-1"wait 10visual effect checkerboard slowgo to card "flow chart" in stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>8</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>403</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>452</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1020</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>Help</name>
<script>on mouseUppush cardvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 5visual effect dissolve slowgo to card "help" of stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>9</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>458</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>507</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>20098</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>New Button</name>
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 3visual effect dissolve slowgo to stack "Database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>1</id>
<text><span class="style1"> "If you are really an environmentalist, you do not smoke" > Smokers don't hurt the environment - well, ok, they may leave cigarette butts,> cause occasional forest fires (ANTEK@TAMBIGRF.BITNET) </span><span class="style2">Each cigarette butt pollutes 60 litres (!) of rain water, when it is throwen away.</span><span class="style1"> > I remember some fuss being made several months back when McDonalds> announced that they were not going to be using styrofoam packaging> anymore (Michael Mee <UD180547@NDSUVM1.BITNET>) If you are really an environmentalist, are you able to "eat" hamburgers ? Maybe, I am to influenced by french cooking? :-) Ronan KERYELL Laboratoire d'Informatique de l'Ecole Normale Supe'rieure 45, rue d'Ulm 75005 PARIS FRANCE Tel: (+33 1) 43.26.58.85 Fax: (+33 1) 46.34.05.31 E-mail: keryell@FRULM63.bitnet keryell@ens.fr</span></text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_9693.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect checkerboard slowgo to card id 12925 of stack "database-1"wait 10visual effect checkerboard slowgo to card "flow chart" in stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>8</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>403</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>452</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1020</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>Help</name>
<script>on mouseUppush cardvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 5visual effect dissolve slowgo to card "help" of stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>9</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>458</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>507</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>20098</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>New Button</name>
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 3visual effect dissolve slowgo to stack "Database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>1</id>
<text>Date: Sat, 24 Aug 1991 12:26:44 EDTReply-To: John Hassler <HASSLER@MAINE.BITNET>Sender: List Owner <davep@acsu.buffalo.edu>From: John Hassler <HASSLER@MAINE.BITNET>Subject: Natural organohalogens Darius Bartlett <STGG8004@IRUCCVAX.UCC.IE>, Mon, 19 Aug 1991, asks: > (b) Are dioxins - particularly TCDD - ever found in nature, or are they only> anthropogenic in origin? And, related to this, the Authorities here are> claiming that exposure to dioxins from coal-burning stoves, cigarette smoking,> traffic emissions, etc., are higher than those allowed from trash incinerators> according to international standards. Comments? TCDD is thermodynamically very stable, so it tends to survive once it is formed. Forest fires are a natural source. (I believe that wood stoves produce more TCDD than coal stoves.) The latest "Environmental Science and Technology" (Vol. 25, No. 8, Aug. 1991) published by the American Chemical Society, has a feature article, "Organohalogens in Nature". The authors are at Linkoping University in Sweden. They note that organohalogens are found literally everywhere in ground water, surface water, and soil samples, and that the quantities found "often exceed the amount that can be explained by human activities in the surrounding areas". (The article is principally concerned with the "source" of the organohalogens, and not with their distribution. It does contain a fairly extensive set of references, though.) ------------------------------------------------------------------------J. C. Hassler Dept. of Chemical Engineering U. of Maine</text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_10472.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect checkerboard slowgo to card id 12925 of stack "database-1"wait 10visual effect checkerboard slowgo to card "flow chart" in stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>8</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>403</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>452</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1020</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>Help</name>
<script>on mouseUppush cardvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 5visual effect dissolve slowgo to card "help" of stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>9</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>458</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>507</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>20098</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>New Button</name>
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 3visual effect dissolve slowgo to stack "Database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>1</id>
<text>From: gph@hpindda.cup.hp.com (Paul Houtz)Newsgroups: sci.environmentSubject: Re: dishwashersMessage-ID: <40910468@hpindda.cup.hp.com>Date: 27 Aug 91 23:33:31 GMTArticle-I.D.: hpindda.40910468References: <1991Aug24.194948.1199@socrates.umd.edu>Organization: HP Information Networks, Cupertino, CALines: 12mcdermot@socrates.umd.edu (Tara McDermott) writes:>I was wondering just how much water a dishwasher uses. I just moved into>an apartment with a brand new one, and I have been avoiding using it, and>just washing dishes by hand. I was always under the assumption that >dishwashers waste huge amounts of water. Anyone have any comments?---------- Most U.S. made dishwashers use in the 12 - 16 gallon range, with 12 being the least amount used, last time I checked (about 8 mos ago). I have a swedish made ASEA dishwasher that uses 3.5 gallons.</text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_10837.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect checkerboard slowgo to card id 12925 of stack "database-1"wait 10visual effect checkerboard slowgo to card "flow chart" in stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>8</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>403</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>452</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1020</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>Help</name>
<script>on mouseUppush cardvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 5visual effect dissolve slowgo to card "help" of stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>9</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>458</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>507</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>20098</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>New Button</name>
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 3visual effect dissolve slowgo to stack "Database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>1</id>
<text>From: gph@hpindda.cup.hp.com (Paul Houtz)Newsgroups: sci.environmentSubject: Re: dishwashersMessage-ID: <40910471@hpindda.cup.hp.com>Date: 30 Aug 91 18:40:54 GMTReferences: <9108290118.AA12709@cdp.igc.org>Organization: HP Information Networks, Cupertino, CALines: 17These observations are correct for american dishwashers.However, it is possible for dishwashers to be constructed such that they can beat handwashing every time. It just never occurred to american manufacturers to make any effort in this direction.The ASEA Dishwashers, made in Sweden, use approximately 3.5 gallons of water per load. This is significantly less than american dishwashers, and less than hand washing. They also have efficient non-heat air dry systems that dry the dishes almost as fast as heat drying.However, they cost twice as much as american models. There are other benefits, they are off the low end of the scale on energy efficiency, and the construction is superior, since thye use surgical stainless steel in the entire cavity. Also, they have two fixed washer arms, one on bottom and one on top, so it doesn't matter where you put dishes, on top or bottom, they get just as clean.</text>
</content>
<name></name>
<script></script>
</card>
card_11716.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<!DOCTYPE card PUBLIC "-//Apple, Inc.//DTD card V 2.0//EN" "" >
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect checkerboard slowgo to card id 12925 of stack "database-1"wait 10visual effect checkerboard slowgo to card "flow chart" in stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>8</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>403</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>452</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>1020</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>Help</name>
<script>on mouseUppush cardvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 5visual effect dissolve slowgo to card "help" of stack "database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<part>
<id>9</id>
<type>button</type>
<visible> <true /> </visible>
<reserved5> 0 </reserved5>
<reserved4> 0 </reserved4>
<reserved3> 0 </reserved3>
<reserved2> 0 </reserved2>
<reserved1> 0 </reserved1>
<enabled> <true /> </enabled>
<rect>
<left>458</left>
<top>296</top>
<right>507</right>
<bottom>338</bottom>
</rect>
<style>shadow</style>
<showName> <false /> </showName>
<highlight> <false /> </highlight>
<autoHighlight> <false /> </autoHighlight>
<sharedHighlight> <true /> </sharedHighlight>
<family>0</family>
<titleWidth>0</titleWidth>
<icon>20098</icon>
<textAlign>center</textAlign>
<font>Chicago</font>
<textSize>12</textSize>
<textStyle>plain</textStyle>
<name>New Button</name>
<script>on mouseUpvisual effect dissolve slow to blackwait 3visual effect dissolve slowgo to stack "Database-1"end mouseUp</script>
</part>
<content>
<layer>card</layer>
<id>1</id>
<text>THE GREAT LAKESFormed over a span of 2 million years by glacial and geological action, the Great Lakes took their most recent form almost 10,000 years agoΓÇöat the end of the last ice age. Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario are joined by rivers and other connecting channels to form the largest surface freshwater system in the world.Lake Superior has the largest surface area of any freshwater lake in the world. Lake Huron, the second largest of the Great Lakes, is the fifth largest lake in the world. Lake Michigan. the only Great Lake totally within U.S. boundaries, is the world's sixth largest lake. Lake Erie, the eleventh largest freshwater lake in the world (by surface area). is the shallowest of the Great Lakes. Lake Ontario. the smallest of the system in surface area, is the fourth deepest and the fourteenth largest lake on Earth.WATER USEThe Great Lakes provide water for many purposes, such as domestic uses (residential, commercial, institutional): industrial processes; agricultural operations (irrigation and livestock watering); electric power generation (fossil fuel, hydroelectric and nuclear); navigation; sanitation; recreation; and habitat for aquatic life. In 1987, the Great Lakes basin states and provinces began to maintain more complete usage records, but not all jurisdictions were able to provide accurate information for each lake basin. The following are conservative estimates.Total Usage: 655 billion gallons per day (bgd) or about 2.5 trillion litres per day (tld) are used for various purposes. This amount would fill a train of more than 19 million jumbo tanker cars, each 65 feet long, holding 34,000 gallons. The train would be over 237.000 miles long and would circle Earth at the equator more than nine and one-half times.Ninety-four percent of the water passes through hydroelectric production plants and is returned to the Great Lakes ecosystem. Approximately 1,000 gallons per Great Lakes basin resident (37 bgd/140 bld) is used daily for other purposes. Almost 97 percent of this amount is returned to the system; the remaining 3 percent leaves the system either through evaporation or through incorporation into products and is considered "consumed."Drinking Water: Approximately 25 million people get their drinking water from the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River. This number includes 5 million metropolitan Chicago residents who use Lake Michigan water, but many of whom live outside the basin boundary.Power Generation: An average of 20 billion kilowatt hours of electricity are generated annually by using Great Lakes water. An average of at least 640.4 bgd was withdrawn for this purpose in 1987, and hydroelectric production used almost 97 percent (620 bgd/2.3 tld). This was by far the largest quantity of Great Lakes water withdrawn for a single purpose.Agriculture: An average of 300 mgd in 1987.Industry/Manufacturing: (self-supplied, that is, not served by a municipal system): 7.7 bgd in the jurisdictions reporting in 1987.Diversions: In 1987, 1.9 bgd 7.2 bld of water were diverted into the Great Lakes system through the Long Lac and Ogoki diversions into Lake Superior. This amount was somewhat lower than the long-term average of 3.6 bgd 13.7 bld. In addition, 1.6 bgd or 6 bld is diverted out of the Great Lakes, most of it at Chicago into the Mississippi River basin.ECONOMIC IMPORTANCEThe Great Lakes play an important role in the region's manufacturing, agriculture, transportation. tourism, and fishery. Many industries first developed near the lakes because of the availability of abundant, cheap clean water and a means of accessible. efficient transportation. Likewise, the Great Lakes region has a profound influence on the world's economy.Great Lakes Shipping: The Great Lakes are an important inland transportation route for the large scale movement of coal, iron ore, limestone, sand and a variety of grains. In 1987, 63.3 million net tons of iron ore, 37.7 million tons of coal and 22.7 million tons of grain were transported on the Great Lakes. That year, 40 million metric tons of cargo moved through the St. Lawrence Seaway on some 5,000 vessels.Industry: In 1986, about 17 percent of the United States' manufacturing industry was located in the Great Lakes basin.Steel Production: 72 percent of Canadian and 45 percent of U.S. production occurs in the Great Lakes basin ( 70 percent in the Great Lakes states) .Shipbuilding: Two major shipyards are located on the Great Lakes, at Port Weller, Ontario, and at Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin.Auto Production: 41.5 percent of U.S. cars and 37. 3 percent of U. S. trucks and buses are manufactured in the Great Lakes region. 94.7 percent of Canadian car and truck production occurs in the region .Power Generation: Electric power generation in the Great Lakes states and Ontario is estimated at 826.9 billion kilowatt hours annually.Agriculture: The Great Lakes help to moderate the region's climate and supply ample water for irrigation, so agricultural production ranks among the top three contributors to the region's economy. Great Lakes states produce 49 percent of U.S. corn and much of U.S. and Canadian beans, sunflower seeds and dairy products. Orchards, particularly apple and cherry, and vineyards are located along the shores of several Great Lakes. Cheese factories. breweries and canneries depend on Great Lakes water. Twenty-two percent of Canadian farms are located in the Great Lakes basin, and they account for 25 percent of total Canadian agricultural production.Forestry: Almost half the United States' area of the Great Lakes basin is forested. Paper production has developed at Green Bay in the United States and throughout the Lake Superior region. However, some authorities think that lack of reforestation in some areas of the Great Lakes basin may reduce the forestry resource in the future.Fishery: Commercial fishingΓÇöOntario commercial fishers caught 48 million lb (22 million kg) in 1987; 4 1. 2 million Ib ( 1 8. 7 million kg) were caught in the U.S. The dockside value of the fish caught commercially in Canada was about $46 million (Canadian dollars-CDN), while the value of U.S.-caught fish was nearly $16.9 million (U.S. dollars). The commercial fishery has a regional economic impact more than four times the dockside value (the money paid for the catch at the dock). SportfishingΓÇöThe Great Lakes states sold nearly 9.5 million fishing licenses in 1987, many of them for use on the Great Lakes or their tributaries. Anglers spent the equivalent of 46.4 million days sportfishing on the U.S. waters of the Great Lakes in 1985, with a regional economic benefit of about $1.56 billion (U.S.). Sportfishing on Canadian Great Lakes waters that year totalled more than 14.6 million angler days. with expenditures amounting to almost $351.5 million (CDN). In 1987, approximately 3,000 charter fishing boats were operating on the Great Lakes. Michigan charter fishing clients alone spent $39 million for charter fees and trip expenses.Recreation/Tourism: Recreation/tourism is often called the region's second largest industry. and Great Lakes states have spent as much as $11 million on tourism promotion annually since 1986. Approximately 700,000 U S.-registered recreational boats are used on the Great Lakes each year. In 1987, an estimated 800.000 pleasure boats registered in Ontario were used on the Great Lakes. Recreational diving on shipwrecks is a growing Great Lakes sport, especially in the eight underwater preserves and parks located in lakes Superior. Michigan and Huron. The average diver spent more than $1,200 (U.S.) on Great Lakes diving trips in 1986. Great Lakes recreation also includes such activities as windsurfing, kayacking, dune climbing, rockhunting, sunbathing, hiking, birdwatching and picnicking.RESOURCE ISSUESThe Great Lakes ecosystem consists of the water. surrounding land, air and all living organisms (including humans) in the basin. The issues, problems and challenges facing the Great Lakes basin include water quality; fisheries management; transportation; widely fluctuating water levels, shoreline erosion and coastal flooding; diversions and consumptive uses; wetland drainage and land use; waterfront revitalization, public access, recreation and tourism; the complexity of management institutions; and research, monitoring, surveillance and enforcement of environmental laws and agreements .The Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River are bordered by eight statesΓÇöMinnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois. Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New YorkΓÇöand two Canadian provincesΓÇöOntario and Quebec. These jurisdictions, along with the federal governments of the two countries, are responsible for managing the lakes.Water Levels: Great Lakes water levels fluctuate primarily because of variations in the amount of precipitation falling on the lakes and surrounding land and changes in evaporation from those surfaces. Levels normally vary somewhat from season to seasonΓÇöfrom high during winter and spring to low during summer. If there is exceptionally heavy rain/snowfall with cooler-than-average temperatures, the levels are likely to rise beyond the seasonal variation, and they can also decline quickly. Such wide fluctuation in lake levels can affect the shipping industry, power generation, recreational opportunities, shoreline erosion and wildlife habitat. Water Quality: Water quality in the open waters of the lakes is generally good. However, industrial, municipal and recreational uses of the Great Lakes add pollutants to the ecosystem. Some pollutants may stay in the water or lake sediments for hundreds of years and affect the ecosystem. The types of problems include: toxic substances in water, sediments, fish and other organisms living in or depending on the water; elevated levels of bacteria; high levels of phosphorus and other nutrients; heavy metals; and aesthetic problems. Pollution is usually most severe in major population centers on Great Lakes rivers, harbors and connecting channels. The types and severity of problems vary among these "areas of concern" (AOCs).The federal governments developed the Boundary Waters Treaty (1909) and the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement ( 1972, 1978 and amendments in 1987), along with laws and programs such as the U.S. Clean Water Act, the Canadian Environmental Protection Act and the $125 million Great Lakes Action Plan to protect and improve the ecosystem. In 1985, the Great Lakes states and provinces agreed to clean up and restore 42 AOCs. Responsible jurisdictions are developing "remedial action plans" (RAPs) to control and stop existing sources of pollution and restore water quality in each AOC. The states have signed a Toxic Substances Control Agreement, and the Province of Ontario has begun a Municipal-lndustrial Strategy for Abatement (MISA). The Council of Great Lakes Governors has established a Great Lakes Protection Fund to support research on toxic substances problems.Fisheries: The Great Lakes fishery consists of a blend of such native species as lake trout, lake whitefish, lake herring, lake sturgeon, yellow perch, walleye and bloater chubs, and others such as coho and chinook salmon and rainbow trout. that were introduced and are restocked regularly by state and federal fishery management agencies to enhance recreational opportunities for the public. Between 1958 and 1984, more than 450 million fish of various species were planted in the Great Lakes. Some introduced species are beginning to reproduce naturally in the lakes.Among the challenges to the fishery are (1) maintaining a sustainable forage base; (2) controlling exotic species such as sea lamprey, river ruffe and zebra mussels; and (3) eliminating toxic substances. The states and provinces cooperate in Great Lakes fishery management through the Great Lakes Fishery Commission and have developed cooperative fish consumption advisories.Brochure issued by Michigan Sea Grant College Program. University of Michigan and Michigan State University. MICHU-SG-89-503. Reprint 2:91 5MKDP-LB.</text>
